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Related Concept Videos

Attitudes01:54

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Attitude is our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object. We have attitudes for many things ranging from products that we might pick up in the supermarket to people around the world to political policies. Typically, attitudes are favorable or unfavorable: positive or negative (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). And, they have three components: an affective component (feelings), a behavioral component (the effect of the attitude on behavior), and a cognitive component (belief and knowledge;...
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During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension...
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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Detection of Tilapia Lake Virus Using Conventional RT-PCR and SYBR Green RT-qPCR
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How to Win the Battle with RNase.

Michael R Green, Joseph Sambrook

    Cold Spring Harbor Protocols
    |February 3, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is highly susceptible to degradation by ribonuclease (RNase) enzymes due to its chemical structure. Preventing RNase contamination is crucial as these enzymes are difficult to inactivate.

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Molecular Biology
    • Enzymology

    Background:

    • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) possesses reactive hydroxyl groups at the 2' and 3' positions of its ribose residues.
    • This chemical characteristic makes RNA more susceptible to hydrolysis compared to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
    • Ribonucleases (RNases) are enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of phosphodiester bonds in RNA.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the inherent chemical instability of RNA.
    • To discuss the challenges associated with RNase contamination and inactivation.
    • To emphasize preventative measures against RNase contamination in molecular biology workflows.

    Main Methods:

    • The abstract discusses the chemical properties of RNA and RNases.
    • It reviews the sources and characteristics of RNase contamination.

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  • It evaluates common methods for enzyme inactivation.

    • Main Results:

    • RNA's chemical structure, specifically the 2' and 3' hydroxyl groups, renders it prone to RNase-mediated cleavage.
    • RNases are ubiquitous, released from lysed cells and present on skin, posing a constant contamination risk.
    • Many RNases are resistant to heat and denaturants, and do not require metal ions for activity, complicating inactivation.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective RNase inactivation is challenging due to enzyme stability and refolding capabilities.
    • Standard methods like boiling or chelators are often insufficient for RNase inactivation.
    • The most effective strategy to manage RNase is to prevent contamination from the outset.