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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans
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High-Resolution Calcium Imaging Method for Local Calcium Signaling.

Björn-Philipp Diercks1, René Werner2, Daniel Schetelig2

  • 1The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|February 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces new methods for high-resolution calcium (Ca2+) signal analysis in eukaryotic cells. These techniques improve the understanding of cell-cell communication and physiological responses.

Keywords:
Ca2+ microdomain cell signalingCa2+ signalingDeconvolutionHigh-resolution imagingLive cell imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cells communicate via extracellular signals, crucial for multicellular organism cooperation.
  • Signal transduction translates external stimuli into intracellular responses.
  • Calcium (Ca2+) signaling, utilizing a 'Ca2+ toolbox' of channels and messengers, is a fundamental cellular process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and present advanced methodologies for acquiring and analyzing cellular Ca2+ signals.
  • To achieve high temporal and spatial resolution in Ca2+ signal detection.
  • To address key challenges in Ca2+ imaging and analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating photobleaching of Ca2+ indicators during high-speed data acquisition.
  • Quantifying system noise and defining spatiotemporal detection limits.
  • Implementing advanced image processing techniques for Ca2+ signal analysis.

Main Results:

  • Developed methods to mitigate photobleaching artifacts in Ca2+ imaging.
  • Established protocols for accurate noise determination and resolution assessment.
  • Enhanced image processing algorithms for precise Ca2+ signal quantification.

Conclusions:

  • The presented methodological advancements enable more accurate and detailed analysis of Ca2+ signaling.
  • These tools are vital for understanding the complex spatiotemporal dynamics of Ca2+ signals.
  • Improved Ca2+ signal analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of cell communication and function.