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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
592
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

521
Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
521
Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

491
IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
491
Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management

334
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by retrograde blood circulation from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to inadequate mitral valve closure. The severity of the condition, symptoms, and underlying cause determine treatment strategies.Monitoring and Pharmacological TreatmentPatients with mild to moderate MR typically do not need immediate intervention but regular monitoring to assess progression and guide treatment. Patients with mild MR should have an echocardiogram every 3-5...
334
Mitral Stenosis IV: Nursing Management01:27

Mitral Stenosis IV: Nursing Management

279
A comprehensive nursing assessment is essential for patients with valvular heart disease, which involves any dysfunction of the heart valves that could impact blood flow and overall heart function.Subjective Data Collection:Chief Complaint and Present Illness: Start with the patient's primary concerns, focusing on the onset, duration, and progression of cardiac symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, and palpitations.Past Medical History: Collect detailed information on any previous...
279
Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

548
IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
548

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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation
08:43

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Disease Activity in Mitral Annular Calcification.

Daniele Massera1, Maria G Trivieri2, Jack P M Andrews3

  • 1Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (D.M.).

Circulation. Cardiovascular Imaging
|February 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitral annular calcification (MAC) involves increased local calcification and inflammation. Baseline MAC burden predicts disease activity and progression, suggesting a self-perpetuating cycle for future therapies.

Keywords:
disease progressioninflammationmitral valvepositron emission tomography computed tomography

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Medical Imaging
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is linked to cardiovascular events and valve dysfunction.
  • The exact pathophysiology of MAC is not fully understood.
  • This study investigates MAC pathophysiology using advanced imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pathophysiology of mitral annular calcification (MAC).
  • To assess factors associated with MAC disease activity and progression.
  • To explore the relationship between calcification and inflammation in MAC.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective longitudinal study of 104 patients with calcific aortic valve disease.
  • Utilized 18F-sodium fluoride (calcification) and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (inflammation) PET scans.
  • Included CT calcium scoring and echocardiography, with repeat imaging after 2 years for 60 patients.

Main Results:

  • Patients with MAC showed significantly higher 18F-fluoride and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose uptake compared to those without MAC.
  • MAC activity correlated with local calcium score, inflammation, female sex, and renal function.
  • Baseline MAC burden predicted subsequent disease activity and progression.

Conclusions:

  • Mitral annular calcification is characterized by local calcification activity and inflammation.
  • Baseline MAC burden is associated with disease activity and progression rate.
  • A self-perpetuating cycle of calcification and inflammation may be a therapeutic target.