Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

43.7K
Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
43.7K
Carbon Skeletons01:12

Carbon Skeletons

114.9K
Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...
114.9K
Measurement: Standard Units03:38

Measurement: Standard Units

79.5K
Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.
79.5K
Measurement: Derived Units03:02

Measurement: Derived Units

55.3K
The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminosity. These are called the SI base units.
55.3K
Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

55.1K
Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
55.1K
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

17.9K
All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
17.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Molecular Crosstalk Between Flowering Time and Drought Adaptation in Cereal Crops.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Programmable arene ring opening unlocks the diversification of phenols.

Nature chemistry·2026
Same author

Recent Advances in Direct Single Oxygen Atom Insertion Into Organic Frameworks.

Chemistry, an Asian journal·2026
Same author

Selective carbon-carbon bond cleavage involving alkene moieties.

Chemical Society reviews·2026
Same author

Pan-Plastome Evolution and Metabolite Variation Provide Insights to Conservation of the Tibetan Medicinal Plant <i>Mirabilis himalaica</i>.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Risk of adverse events associated with co-administration of quetiapine and Bupleuri Radix: A population-based cohort study.

Pharmacological research·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile
06:52

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

Published on: October 30, 2018

37.5K

Acetonitrile Activation: An Effective Two-Carbon Unit for Cyclization.

Qixue Qin1, Xiao Luo1, Jialiang Wei1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new method using acetonitrile as a two-carbon building block for [2+2] cyclization. This novel approach efficiently synthesizes cyclobutenones and cyclobuteneimines under mild conditions.

Keywords:
C2 cyclization unitcyclizationscycloadditionsmall-molecule activationsmall-ring compounds

More Related Videos

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators
14:42

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators

Published on: April 25, 2020

8.8K
Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
19:58

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

10.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile
06:52

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

Published on: October 30, 2018

37.5K
Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators
14:42

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators

Published on: April 25, 2020

8.8K
Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
19:58

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

10.2K

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • Cyclobutenones are valuable synthetic intermediates.
  • Efficient construction of cyclobutene scaffolds remains a challenge in organic synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel [2+2] cyclization strategy utilizing acetonitrile.
  • To establish a new method for synthesizing cyclobutenones and cyclobuteneimines.

Main Methods:

  • Acetonitrile activation for [2+2] cyclization.
  • In situ formation of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds.
  • Control of reactivity to prevent C≡N bond cycloaddition.

Main Results:

  • Acetonitrile successfully employed as a two-carbon (C2) building block for the first time.
  • Inhibition of competitive cycloaddition at the C≡N bond.
  • Efficient synthesis of cyclobutenones and cyclobuteneimines achieved.

Conclusions:

  • A practical and novel approach to cyclobutenones and cyclobuteneimines has been established.
  • The developed method offers simple reaction conditions and high chemoselectivity.
  • This work expands the utility of acetonitrile in organic synthesis.