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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

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Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
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Hepatic Portal System01:21

Hepatic Portal System

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The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
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The therapeutic index of a drug is a key parameter in pharmacology that quantifies the relative safety of a drug by calculating the ratio between the dose that causes toxicity in half the population (50%) to the dose that proves to be effective for half the population (50%). It provides a spectrum of doses for a particular drug ranging from effective to potentially toxic. To illustrate, consider an anticoagulant agent like warfarin. It possesses a narrow window within its therapeutic index to...
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Electrical Current01:10

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

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Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
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The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice
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Autoimmune hepatitis: Current and future therapeutic options.

Iliana Doycheva1, Kymberly D Watt2, Aliya F Gulamhusein3

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.

Liver International : Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver
|February 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) treatments need improvement. This review covers current options and emerging drugs for AIH, focusing on unmet needs in induction, intolerance, and post-transplant care.

Keywords:
advancesinvestigationalrecurrenttreatmentupdate

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare immune-mediated liver disease with limited treatment advancements.
  • Current therapies are effective but lack precise mechanisms and can cause side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent pharmacological options and investigational drugs for AIH.
  • To address unmet needs in AIH treatment, including induction, intolerance, and post-transplant management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current and investigational therapies for AIH.
  • Analysis of standard treatments (prednisone, azathioprine) and alternative agents (budesonide, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus).

Main Results:

  • Standard therapy remains prednisone with or without azathioprine.
  • Budesonide is suitable for induction in early disease; MMF may be a first-line alternative.
  • Tacrolimus shows potential as a second-line option, but data are limited. Management of recurrent AIH post-transplant is controversial.

Conclusions:

  • Novel therapeutic strategies, including biologics and a deeper understanding of AIH pathogenesis, are crucial.
  • Addressing unmet needs requires exploring new drug targets and optimizing existing treatments for better patient outcomes.