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Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
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Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
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Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
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Body:Bioequivalence experimental study designs are crucial methodologies used in evaluating and comparing the bioavailability of different drug products. These designs are categorized into various types: completely randomized, randomized block, repeated measures, cross and carry-over, and Latin square designs.Completely randomized designs involve randomly allocating treatments to all subjects participating in the experiment. This allocation is achieved by assigning unique random numbers to...
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

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Approach-avoidance modification as an add-on in smoking cessation: A randomized-controlled study.

Charlotte E Wittekind1, Evelyne Reibert2, Keisuke Takano1

  • 1LMU Munich, Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Germany.

Behaviour Research and Therapy
|February 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Approach-Avoidance Modification Training (AAMT) combined with treatment-as-usual (TAU) did not significantly improve smoking cessation outcomes. Further research is needed to explore optimized AAMT versions for tobacco dependence treatment.

Keywords:
AATApproach-avoidanceCognitive bias modificationSmokingSmoking cessationTraining

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Cognitive biases in information processing play a crucial role in maintaining tobacco dependence.
  • Current smoking cessation treatments do not sufficiently address these information processing biases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if combining treatment-as-usual (TAU) with Approach-Avoidance Modification Training (AAMT) can improve clinical outcomes in adult smokers.
  • To assess the impact of AAMT on reducing daily cigarette consumption.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized-controlled single-blind study with 105 adult smokers was conducted.
  • Participants received TAU plus either AAMT or Sham training over six sessions.
  • Participants were assessed post-intervention and at 6-month follow-up, with daily cigarette consumption as the primary outcome.

Main Results:

  • The TAU + AAMT group did not show a significantly greater reduction in daily cigarette consumption compared to the TAU + Sham group.
  • No consistent evidence for a change in cognitive bias was found.
  • The addition of implicit AAMT to TAU did not improve clinical outcomes for smoking cessation.

Conclusions:

  • Implicit Approach-Avoidance Modification Training as an add-on to treatment-as-usual does not enhance clinical outcomes for tobacco dependence.
  • Future research should explore optimized versions of AAMT, potentially including explicit instructions, to improve effectiveness.
  • The role of cognitive biases in tobacco dependence warrants continued investigation and targeted interventions.