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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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Related Experiment Video

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Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation
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Different Signaling Pathways Define Different Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression during Mycobacteria Infection in

Xinying Zhou1, Jiahui Yang2, Zelin Zhang3

  • 1Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China. zxyforever@smu.edu.cn.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection significantly increases interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in human macrophages. Specific signaling pathways like cGAS, TLR-2, and TLR-4 are crucial for this Mtb-induced ISG response.

Keywords:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs)macrophages (Mϕs)signaling pathways

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Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells
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Imaging of In Situ Interferon Gamma Production in the Mouse Spleen following Listeria monocytogenes Infection
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Imaging of In Situ Interferon Gamma Production in the Mouse Spleen following Listeria monocytogenes Infection
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Imaging of In Situ Interferon Gamma Production in the Mouse Spleen following Listeria monocytogenes Infection

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a major global health threat.
  • Interferons (IFNs) are used clinically with anti-TB drugs, but Mtb's regulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in macrophages is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression patterns of ISGs in Mtb-infected human macrophages.
  • To identify the innate signaling mechanisms involved in Mtb-induced ISG expression.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ISG expression in Mtb-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) and THP-1-derived macrophages (THP-1-Mϕs).
  • Investigation of signaling pathways including cGAS, TLR-2, TLR-4, TBK1, NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK-STAT.

Main Results:

  • 90% of 28 detected ISGs showed increased expression in Mtb-infected macrophages.
  • Cytosolic cGAS, TLR-2, and TLR-4 signaling pathways were implicated in ISG induction.
  • Downstream signaling molecules like TBK1, NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK-STAT were selectively involved.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct signaling pathways differentially regulate ISG expression during Mtb infection.
  • Understanding these pathways enhances knowledge of host immune responses to Mtb in macrophages.
  • ISG expression in TB patients' macrophages is more reactive to Mtb or IFN re-stimulation.