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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
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The large intestine, a vital component of the gastrointestinal tract, is structured with four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Each layer performs a distinct role in facilitating the smooth functioning of the large intestine.
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The Current Histologic Classification of Thyroid Cancer.

Sylvia L Asa1

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|February 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid cancer classification needs simplification. Understanding tumor subtypes, from benign adenomas to aggressive anaplastic carcinomas, guides treatment and prognosis for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
ClassificationCytologyGenotype-phenotype correlationsHistomorphologyPrognosisThyroid cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Thyroid cancers derived from follicular cells show strong phenotype-genotype links.
  • Existing morphologic classifications for thyroid cancer are complex and need simplification.
  • Benign adenomas and various thyroid carcinoma subtypes have distinct architectural and cytologic features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simplify the current complex morphologic classifications of thyroid cancers.
  • To correlate distinct tumor phenotypes with their genotypes for improved understanding.
  • To guide therapeutic strategies based on tumor differentiation and invasiveness.

Main Methods:

  • Morphologic analysis of thyroid tumor architecture and cytology.
  • Correlation of observed phenotypes with known genotypes.
  • Evaluation of invasiveness and metastatic potential.
  • Review of treatment outcomes based on tumor classification.

Main Results:

  • Benign adenomas display follicular or papillary architecture with bland cytology.
  • Well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas show variable atypia and invasiveness, with prognosis correlating to extent of invasion.
  • Papillary carcinomas range from indolent microcarcinomas to aggressive forms requiring therapy.
  • Poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas represent aggressive, less common end-stage disease.

Conclusions:

  • Simplifying thyroid cancer classification is crucial for clinical practice.
  • Tumor differentiation, architecture, and invasiveness are key prognostic indicators.
  • Tailored treatment strategies, from active surveillance to surgery and radioablation, are essential for managing diverse thyroid cancer subtypes.