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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
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Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
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Predicting Reaction Outcomes02:24

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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Sleeve Gastrectomy in Mice using Surgical Clips
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Five-Year Outcomes with Stand-alone Primary Sleeve Gastrectomy.

Maureen Boyle1, Nicola Carruthers1, Kamal K Mahawar2,3

  • 1Bariatric Unit, Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, SR4 7TP, UK.

Obesity Surgery
|February 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) provides acceptable 5-year weight loss but can lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and micronutrient deficiencies. Patients may require supplementation beyond standard recommendations.

Keywords:
Bariatric surgeryMicronutrient deficiencyObesity surgerySleeve gastrectomyWeight loss

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Last Updated: Jan 29, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Bariatric surgery
  • Gastroenterology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most common bariatric procedure globally.
  • Assessing long-term outcomes of SG is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate 5-year weight loss, co-morbidity resolution, and hematological outcomes after primary sleeve gastrectomy.
  • To determine the incidence of micronutrient deficiencies post-SG.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective data collection from a bariatric surgery database.
  • 5-year follow-up including patient interviews and general practitioner contact.
  • Analysis of weight loss, co-morbidity status, and micronutrient levels.

Main Results:

  • Median total weight loss was 21.9% and median excess weight loss (EWL) was 48.0% at 5 years.
  • 7.6% of patients died from unrelated causes; 12.0% were converted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).
  • Micronutrient deficiencies were observed, with some patients needing additional supplementation.

Conclusions:

  • Sleeve gastrectomy demonstrates acceptable 5-year weight loss results.
  • A significant number of patients developed GERD and required further micronutrient support.
  • Long-term monitoring for GERD and nutritional deficiencies is essential after SG.