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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry
Published on: July 20, 2016
HFIP-promoted Michael reactions: direct para-selective C-H activation of anilines with maleimides
1Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China. yena@suda.edu.cn.
Abstract:
The Michael reaction is widely used for the C-C coupling of electron-poor olefins and C(sp3)-H pronucleophiles. Herein, an effective Michael reaction approach between electron-rich aromatic and heteroaromatic substrates as C(sp2)-H nucleophiles with maleimides as electrophiles in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) was first presented without the need for any additional metal catalysts or reagents. This reaction provides a concise and environmentally friendly strategy for the facile construction of 3-aryl succinimides from N,N-disubstituted anilines and maleimides with high para selectivity.
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