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Consider a real-valued function defined on a closed interval. One of the fundamental objectives in calculus is to determine the area under the graph of such a function. When an exact computation is not readily available, this area can be estimated by dividing the interval into a finite number of equal subintervals. Each subinterval corresponds to a rectangle whose width is the length of the subinterval and whose height is determined by the value of the function at a selected point within that...
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A car’s motion over time can be effectively analyzed using integral calculus, particularly through the concept of the definite integral applied to a velocity–time relationship. The definite integral describes how velocity accumulates over a specified time interval to produce total displacement. From a geometric perspective, this displacement is interpreted as the area under the velocity–time curve. Several key properties of definite integrals make it easier to analyze motion...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing by Stimulated Raman Scattering Imaging of Deuterium Incorporation in a Single Bacterium
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[A new SIR definition for antimicrobial susceptibility testing].

Christian Giske1, Håkan Hanberger2, Gunnar Kahlmeter3

  • 1Clinical Microbiology - Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Solna, Sweden Clinical Microbiology - Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Solna, Sweden.

Lakartidningen
|February 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) updates its SIR definitions from January 2019. The "intermediate" category is now "susceptible, increased exposure," requiring adjusted dosing, not avoidance.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Clinical Pharmacology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • The Standardized Interpretation (SIR) system for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) has remained unchanged for decades.
  • Antimicrobial resistance necessitates updated guidelines for effective treatment selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To inform healthcare professionals about the upcoming changes in the SIR definitions by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST).
  • To clarify the implications of the new "susceptible, increased exposure" category for clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Review of EUCAST guidelines and updated SIR criteria.
  • Analysis of the impact of the new "intermediate" category renaming on antimicrobial prescribing.

Main Results:

  • The "intermediate" (I) group in AST reports will be renamed "susceptible, increased exposure" starting January 1, 2019.
  • This change signifies that the antimicrobial agent can still be used, but requires modified dosing regimens to overcome reduced susceptibility.

Conclusions:

  • Clinicians must understand the new "susceptible, increased exposure" designation to ensure appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
  • Adjusting dosing regimens is crucial when an antimicrobial susceptibility report indicates "susceptible, increased exposure".