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Related Concept Videos

Gap Junctions01:37

Gap Junctions

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Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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Gap Junctions01:27

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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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Outcomes of Glycolysis01:13

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Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
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Guidelines for Writing Outcome01:11

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When developing expected outcomes for a patient care plan, the nurse should adhere to the following recommendations:
Patient outcomes reflect the patient's response to the goal rather than what the nurse aims to achieve. Terminology should be observable and measurable to avoid the reader's interpretation. The desired outcome should be realistic and achievable in the designated care timeframe. Expected outcomes should align with adjunctive therapies. The outcome should enhance care...
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Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws Explain Properties of Gas Molecules02:34

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The test of the kinetic molecular theory (KMT) and its postulates is its ability to explain and describe the behavior of a gas. The various gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’s, Gay-Lussac’s, Avogadro’s, and Dalton’s laws) can be derived from the assumptions of the KMT, which have led chemists to believe that the assumptions of the theory accurately represent the properties of gas molecules.
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Can the gap in Aboriginal outcomes be explained by DOHaD.

E C McEwen1, T J Boulton1, R Smith1

  • 11School of Medicine and Public Health,University of Newcastle,Newcastle,NSW,Australia.

Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
|February 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis may explain health disparities in Aboriginal Australians. Sub-optimal fetal growth in the womb can impact lifelong health outcomes for Indigenous children.

Keywords:
educationAEDCAboriginalDOHaDIndigenousNAPLANbirth weightdevelopmentepigeneticsfoetal growthperinatal mortalitypregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Developmental Biology
  • Indigenous Health

Background:

  • Significant health disparities exist between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People and non-Aboriginal Australians.
  • Aboriginal babies face higher rates of low birth weight and growth restriction, indicating potential intrauterine challenges.
  • The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis links early life environment to later non-communicable disease risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of DOHaD in understanding health disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal Australians.
  • To review literature associating fetal growth (as a proxy for intrauterine environment) with offspring health outcomes.
  • To provide insights into health disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a narrative review of existing literature.
  • It focuses on the association between fetal growth and perinatal health, early development, and childhood education.
  • The review examines the impact of the intrauterine environment and developmental programming.

Main Results:

  • The literature largely supports the DOHaD hypothesis in the context of Aboriginal Australians.
  • Diminished fetal growth is linked to adverse outcomes in offspring, including perinatal health and developmental issues.
  • Understanding these links can illuminate pathways to persistent health disadvantages.

Conclusions:

  • The DOHaD hypothesis offers a valuable framework for understanding health disparities in Aboriginal Australians.
  • Implications extend to policy-making for Indigenous populations globally facing similar disadvantages.
  • Further research into the intrauterine environment's role is crucial for improving Indigenous child health outcomes.