An Assay to Assess Gap Junction Communication in Cell Lines

This protocol was developed to assess communication in tumor cells and to provide a dependable and standardized assay for the in vitro determination of gap junction function. The method is noninvasive; in this method, the cell population under study is divided such that 1 fraction is loaded with a lipophilic cell plasma membrane permeable dye, calcein acetoxymethyl ester, that is hydrolyzed upon cellular uptake by cytoplasmic esterases to yield calcein, a fluorescent and membrane-impermeable molecule. The other fraction is loaded with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3' tetramethylindodicarbocyanine perchlorate (DiD)/1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate [Dil; DilC₁₈(3)], which is a lipophilic membrane dye that diffuses laterally to stain the entire cell membrane, is impermeable, and attains an orange-red fluorescence upon incorporation into membranes. The 2 fractions are mixed and incubated under coculture conditions. Calcein with MW 890 kD is transferred to the DiD/DiI-stained cells through gap junctions. The assessment of this uptake is made with confocal imaging and quantitated using flow cytometry. Cell lines representing cancer of the breast as well as a nontransformed cell line developed from the buccal mucosa were analyzed for gap junction competency. Confocal imaging with acquisition at specific time points during the in vitro treatment and flow cytometry gave a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the passage of molecules through the gap junctions. Here, the method has been combined to obtain images as well as quantitation and is a simple and effective approach in assessing the functional competency of gap junction in epithelial cells.