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Related Concept Videos

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton
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Ionome and elemental transport kinetics shaped by parallel evolution in threespine stickleback.

Seth M Rudman1, Jared M Goos2, Joseph B Burant3

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Ecology Letters
|February 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Rapid evolution in threespine stickleback alters their elemental composition (ionome) and nutrient cycling. Freshwater adaptation drives these ionomic shifts, highlighting the interplay between ecology and evolution.

Keywords:
Eco-evolutionary dynamicsecological stoichiometrygenes-to-ecosystemsionomicsparallel evolutionrapid evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
  • Environmental Science
  • Genomics and Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Organismal evolution can rapidly alter ecological dynamics, necessitating research into the reciprocal interactions between ecology and evolution.
  • Understanding the process and ecological consequences of rapid evolution requires data linking genotype to phenotype to ecology.

Discussion:

  • Allelic variation linked to freshwater adaptation in threespine stickleback influences bony plating, ionome, and nutrient recycling.
  • Adaptation to freshwater environments causes shifts in the ionomes of both natural and common garden populations of marine stickleback.
  • Ionomic divergence between populations is predominantly driven by variations in trace elements, not bone-associated elements.

Key Insights:

  • Quantified elemental composition (ionome) and nutrient fluxes in threespine stickleback populations.
  • Demonstrated that freshwater adaptation alters ionomes and nutrient recycling through genetic variation.
  • Highlighted the significant role of trace elements in driving ionomic divergence during adaptation.

Outlook:

  • Emphasizes the utility of ecological stoichiometry in studying eco-evolutionary dynamics.
  • Underscores the importance of ionome-wide data for a comprehensive understanding of rapid evolution and its ecological impacts.
  • Suggests future research directions focusing on the integration of genomic, ionomic, and ecological data.