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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Author Spotlight: An Antimicrobial Fabric Using Nano-Herbal Encapsulation of Essential Oils
Published on: April 7, 2023
Improving the antifungal activity of clove essential oil encapsulated by chitosan nanoparticles
Nayeresadat Hasheminejad1, Faramarz Khodaiyan1, Mohammad Safari1
1Bioprocessing and Biodetection Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj 31587-77871, Iran.
Abstract:
Encapsulation of clove essential oil (CEO) by chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) was performed, using an emulsion-ionic gelation technique to improve the antifungal efficacy of CEO. The mass ratios of chitosan (Ch) to tripolyphosphate (TPP), 1:1, for unloaded ChNPs and 1:1:1 for Ch to TPP to CEO, for CEO-loaded ChNPs (CEO-ChNPs), were selected as optimum formulations based on dynamic light scattering and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The presence of CEO in optimum CEO-ChNPs, was evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Particle size distribution, of around 40 and 100 nm for the most optimum unloaded and oil-loaded ChNPs, was obtained by field emission-scanning electron microscopy. In vitro release studies of CEO-ChNPs revealed a controlled release during 56 days. The nano-encapsulated CEO demonstrated a superior performance against Aspergillus niger, isolated from spoiled pomegranate, compared with ChNPs and free oil. Therefore, this study revealed that CEO-ChNPs can be used as a promising natural fungicide in agriculture and food industry.
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