Renal replacement therapy: a practical update

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as an abrupt decrease in kidney function, with the most severe form requiring some method of renal replacement therapy (RRT). The use of RRT is required in 5-10% of critically ill patients who develop severe AKI. Renal replacement therapy can be provided as either intermittent hemodialysis or one of the various modes of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), with CRRT potentially conferring an advantage with respect to renal recovery and dialysis independence. There is no difference in mortality when comparing low (< 25 mL·kg^-1·hr^-1) vs high (> 40 mL·kg^-1·hr^-1) RRT dosing. Continuous renal replacement therapy may be run in different modes of increasing complexity depending on a given patient's clinical needs. Regional citrate anticoagulation is recommended as the therapy of choice for the majority of critically ill patients requiring CRRT.