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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Levels of Organization01:09

Levels of Organization

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Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth's biosphere. Each level of the hierarchy represents an increase in complexity that builds upon the previous level.
Molecules Are Composed of Atoms, and Biomolecules Are Assembled from Molecules:
The most basic levels include atoms, molecules, and biomolecules. Atoms, the smallest unit of ordinary matter, are composed of a nucleus and electrons. Molecules...
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Gynecologic cancers and solid organ transplantation.

John B Liao1,2, Cynthia E Fisher3, Margaret M Madeleine4,5

  • 1Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
|February 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients face a higher risk of gynecologic cancers. Further research is needed to understand and manage uterine and ovarian cancer risks post-transplant.

Keywords:
cancer/malignancy/neoplasia: risk factorsclinical decision-makingclinical research/practiceguidelineshematology/oncologyobstetrics and gynecologyorgan transplantation in general

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Transplant Medicine
  • Gynecologic Oncology

Background:

  • Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients have a doubled risk of malignancy compared to the general population.
  • While HPV-related gynecologic cancers increase post-SOT, risks for uterine and ovarian cancers remain less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, management, and risk factors of gynecologic cancers in SOT recipients.
  • To highlight areas needing further investigation, particularly for uterine and ovarian cancers.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing literature on gynecologic cancers in SOT recipients.
  • The review covers epidemiology, pathophysiology, management strategies, and specific risk factors.

Main Results:

  • SOT recipients exhibit an increased incidence and mortality from malignancies.
  • Cervical cancer surveillance post-transplant warrants closer attention.
  • Data on uterine and ovarian cancers in this population are limited, necessitating further study.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced surveillance for cervical cancer in SOT recipients is recommended.
  • Larger studies are crucial to determine the association between uterine/ovarian cancers and excess incidence/mortality post-transplant.
  • Improved screening, prevention, and treatment strategies before and after transplantation may result from future research.