Genotype-specific normalization of soybean somatic embryogenesis through the use of an ethylene inhibitor

The effect of ethylene on somatic embryogenesis from cotyledons of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars `Bragg', `IAS-5', and `RS-7' was studied through the application of silver nitrate or aminoethoxyvinylglycine. The addition of these chemicals to the induction medium had no effect on embryo induction, in spite of aminoethoxyvinylglycine having decreased ethylene production and silver nitrate enhancing it. However, subsequent histodif-ferentiation and conversion capacity of somatic embryos was affected by treatments applied to the induction medium. The effects of ethylene on embryo histodifferentiation and conversion were genotype-specific. Cultivars `IAS-5' and `RS-7' produced high frequencies of dicotyledonous embryos and had high conversion rates. These were also the least affected by alterations in ethylene production. For `Bragg', which has a low regeneration capacity, the use of aminoethoxyvinylglycine led to a significant improvement in the frequency of normal embryo formation as well as in the frequency of conversion into plants. The results suggest that the use of ethylene inhibitors during the induction process may facilitate plant recovery from soybean genotypes, such as `Bragg', which have a low regeneration capacity.