Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

11.0K
Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One...
11.0K
Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

17.1K
If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
17.1K
Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

2.1K
Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
2.1K
Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests01:24

Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests

435
Renal function tests are crucial for assessing kidney health, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating the kidneys' efficiency in waste elimination, fluid balance, and electrolyte regulation. These tests offer critical insights into kidney function, even though routine measurements may appear normal until there is a significant decline in the glomerular filtration rate or GFR. Typically, signs of kidney impairment only become evident when the GFR falls to about 50% of its normal level.
435
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

13.5K
The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
13.5K
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

961
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
961

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Association of asymptomatic PSA testing on prostate cancer mortality; a case control study in general practice.

BJGP open·2026
Same author

HPValidate - Technical optimisation of self-collected samples for HPV testing within the NHS England cervical screening programme.

Journal of virological methods·2026
Same author

Generating practice-based evidence for common mental health problems using routine outcome monitoring: a protocol for a longitudinal naturalistic study in Ecuadorian mental health services.

BMJ open·2026
Same author

Evaluating the Impact of Age on Prostate Cancer Overdiagnosis Using Long-Term Follow-Up From the CAP Randomised Trial.

International journal of cancer·2026
Same author

Comparison of Cervical Screening at 6- and 12-Weeks Postnatal: A Paired-Sample Feasibility Study.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology·2026
Same author

From promise to proof: reference sets for validation of multicancer early detection.

Journal of the National Cancer Institute·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
13:41

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Published on: March 8, 2012

13.0K

Primary cervical screening with high risk human papillomavirus testing: observational study.

Matejka Rebolj1,2, Janet Rimmer3, Karin Denton4,5

  • 1Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK matejka.rebolj@kcl.ac.uk.

BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
|February 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Routine high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing in England detected more cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse and cervical cancer than liquid-based cytology. This study supports extending cervical screening intervals due to low disease incidence.

More Related Videos

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
08:42

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

11.2K
Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes
07:26

Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes

Published on: February 22, 2012

19.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
13:41

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Published on: March 8, 2012

13.0K
Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
08:42

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

11.2K
Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes
07:26

Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes

Published on: February 22, 2012

19.7K

Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Oncology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cervical cancer screening programs aim to detect precancerous lesions and cancer early.
  • Liquid-based cytology (LBC) has been the standard primary screening method in England.
  • High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing is emerging as a more sensitive primary screening tool.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report outcomes of a large pilot of routine primary hrHPV testing in England.
  • To compare hrHPV testing with primary LBC screening for cervical cancer detection.
  • To evaluate colposcopy referral rates and adherence to early recall protocols.

Main Methods:

  • An observational study involving 578,547 women in the English Cervical Screening Programme.
  • Comparison of hrHPV testing (n=183,970) with LBC screening.
  • Analysis of colposcopy referrals, early recall adherence, and detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 2+ and 3+.

Main Results:

  • Primary hrHPV testing increased colposcopy referrals by approximately 80% but detected significantly more CIN2+ (1.49 times) and CIN3+ (1.44 times) compared to LBC.
  • Detection of cervical cancer was also higher with hrHPV testing (1.27 times).
  • At incidence screening, hrHPV testing showed substantially lower CIN3+ rates (0.14) than LBC (0.23) after three years.

Conclusions:

  • Routine primary hrHPV screening in England significantly increased the detection of CIN3+ and cervical cancer compared to LBC.
  • The low incidence of CIN3+ after three years suggests that extended screening intervals may be feasible.
  • Primary hrHPV testing demonstrates higher sensitivity for detecting high-grade cervical abnormalities.