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Related Concept Videos

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

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Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

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Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...
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Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

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When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila
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Reflections on palliative sedation.

Robert Twycross

    Palliative Care
    |February 8, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Continuous deep sedation, used to relieve suffering in dying patients, is increasingly normalized despite ethical concerns and potential misuse. Good palliative care can significantly reduce the need for this intervention.

    Keywords:
    Palliative sedationcontinuous deep sedationcontinuous sedation until death

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    Area of Science:

    • Palliative Care Medicine
    • Medical Ethics
    • End-of-Life Care

    Background:

    • Palliation sedation, or continuous deep sedation, is used to manage refractory symptoms in dying patients.
    • Existing research often focuses on specific types of sedation, with ambiguity regarding the exclusion of secondary sedation.
    • Continuous deep sedation raises ethical concerns regarding the loss of biographical life and potential shortening of biological life.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To critically examine the concept and practice of continuous deep sedation in palliative care.
    • To highlight ethical controversies and potential misuses of continuous deep sedation.
    • To emphasize the importance of multiprofessional team involvement and high-quality palliative care.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review and critical analysis of existing research on palliative sedation.
    • Examination of ethical considerations and clinical guidelines related to continuous deep sedation.
    • Discussion of reported discrepancies between recommended practices and actual clinical application.

    Main Results:

    • Continuous deep sedation is ethically considered a last resort, yet studies suggest it is becoming normalized in some settings.
    • Significant concerns exist regarding its application for existential suffering, under-diagnosis of delirium, and confusion between unresponsiveness and unawareness.
    • There is a notable dissonance between established guidelines and current clinical practices.

    Conclusions:

    • Continuous deep sedation requires careful ethical consideration and should be reserved for exceptional circumstances.
    • Addressing existential suffering, improving delirium diagnosis, and ensuring accurate assessment of patient awareness are crucial.
    • Enhanced multiprofessional palliative care can substantially decrease the necessity for continuous deep sedation.