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Related Concept Videos

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
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Metals and Circadian Rhythms.

Nancy L Parmalee1, Michael Aschner1

  • 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, USA.

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Circadian rhythms regulate daily physiological processes. This review explores how metal exposures may disrupt these rhythms, potentially contributing to neurodegenerative diseases in aging populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Environmental Toxicology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Circadian rhythms govern 24-hour physiological and behavioral cycles, including the sleep-wake cycle.
  • Disruptions in circadian rhythms and sleep are linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's.
  • Environmental metal exposures are implicated in neurodegeneration, affecting both essential micronutrients and toxic elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence connecting metal exposures to circadian and sleep disorders.
  • To explore potential mechanisms underlying metal-induced circadian disruption.
  • To highlight the need for further research given aging populations and increasing neurodegenerative disease prevalence.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on circadian rhythms, sleep disorders, and metal exposures.
  • Examination of research linking specific metals (manganese, copper, zinc, lead, mercury, aluminum) to neurodegeneration.
  • Analysis of proposed biological mechanisms for metal-induced circadian disruption.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests a link between exposure to certain metals and disruptions in circadian rhythms and sleep patterns.
  • Metals, both essential and non-essential, can interfere with biological processes regulating circadian function.
  • Mechanisms may involve oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and interference with core circadian clock genes.

Conclusions:

  • Metal exposures represent a potential environmental risk factor for circadian disruption and sleep disorders.
  • Further research is crucial to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which metals impact circadian systems.
  • Understanding these links is vital for addressing the growing burden of neurodegenerative diseases in aging populations.