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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...
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Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
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DNA Base Pairing02:27

DNA Base Pairing

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Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
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Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Fabricating Nanogaps by Nanoskiving
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Published on: May 13, 2013

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3D zig-zag nanogaps based on nanoskiving for plasmonic nanofocusing.

Panpan Gu1, Ziwei Zhou, Zhiyuan Zhao

  • 1State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China. gang@jlu.edu.cn.

Nanoscale
|February 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel 3D nanoantenna using anisotropic etching and nanoskiving. This plasmonic nanofocusing device significantly enhances electromagnetic fields for advanced sensing applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasmonics and Nanophotonics
  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Conventional lithography methods face limitations in creating complex 3D nanostructures.
  • Achieving precise control over nanogap dimensions and tip sharpness is crucial for plasmonic applications.
  • Existing nanoantennas often struggle to achieve efficient three-dimensional electromagnetic field confinement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel three-dimensional (3D) nanoantenna for enhanced plasmonic nanofocusing.
  • To create vertically aligned zig-zag nanogaps with defined angles using advanced nanofabrication techniques.
  • To investigate and optimize the electromagnetic field enhancement based on structural features.

Main Methods:

  • Combination of anisotropic wet etching and nanoskiving techniques.
  • Utilizing self-assembled monolayer (SAM) thickness for high-throughput nanogap definition.
  • Employing anisotropic etching of silicon V-grooves for ultra-sharp tip formation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated 3D nanoantennas with vertically aligned zig-zag nanogaps and ultra-sharp tips.
  • Demonstrated synergistic squeezing of the electromagnetic (EM) field, exciting 3D nanofocusing.
  • Achieved significantly stronger field enhancement and confinement at the tipped-nanogap compared to standalone tips or nanogaps.
  • Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) intensity on 70.5° tipped-nanogaps was 45x higher than linear nanogaps and 5x higher than tip-only nanowires.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated tip and gap in plasmonic nanostructures lead to superior electromagnetic field enhancement.
  • The proposed nanofabrication technique offers a high-throughput method for creating advanced plasmonic devices.
  • These nanoantennas hold great potential for applications in chemical sensing, plasmonic devices, nanophotonics, and surface-enhanced spectroscopy.