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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Assessment of Physical Activity Intensity with Accelerometers and Oxygen Consumption

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Published on: June 20, 2025

Physics of active emulsions.

Christoph A Weber^1,2,3, David Zwicker^1,3,4, Frank Jülicher^1,2

¹Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany.

Reports on Progress in Physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)

|February 8, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Active emulsions, driven by external energy, exhibit unique behaviors like self-organization and controlled droplet dynamics not seen in passive systems. This research explores their physics and potential applications.

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Area of Science:

Physics
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Phase separation and emulsions are fundamental concepts in physical chemistry.
Passive systems adhere to thermodynamic equilibrium.
Living cells exhibit complex spatial organization of biochemical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the physics of active emulsions.
To extend concepts of passive systems to active ones.
To highlight the relevance of active emulsions to biology and engineering.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on phase separation and emulsion physics.
Conceptual extension of passive system principles to active systems.
Discussion of phenomena driven by external energy input.

Main Results:

Active emulsions are systems maintained out of thermodynamic equilibrium by molecular processes and external energy.
External energy input leads to novel phenomena such as spatial organization by concentration gradients and controlled droplet dynamics.
Active droplets can exhibit controlled nucleation, size, and spontaneous division.

Conclusions:

The physics of active emulsions offers a framework to understand biological spatial organization and develop new chemical engineering applications.
Active emulsions provide models for studying the origin of life.
Further research into active emulsion physics can bridge fundamental science and practical applications.