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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
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Gonococcal infection: An unresolved problem.

Maria Jesús Barberá1, Judit Serra-Pladevall2

  • 1Unidad de ITS Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, España; Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, España; Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; GeITS de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC), Madrid, España.

Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiologia Clinica (English Ed.)
|February 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Gonococcal infections, a growing global health concern, are increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Current dual therapies are being re-evaluated due to rising resistance, impacting effective treatment strategies for this common sexually transmitted infection.

Keywords:
DiagnosisDiagnósticoGonococcal infectionInfección gonocócicaTratamientoTreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Gonococcal infection, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is the second most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection globally.
  • While often causing urethritis in men, infections in women can be asymptomatic, complicating public health control.
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae exhibits significant antibiotic resistance, diminishing treatment options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of gonococcal infections and antibiotic resistance.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of recommended dual therapies in light of emerging resistance patterns.
  • To discuss the implications for public health guidelines and future treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current scientific publications and public health reports.
  • Analysis of antibiotic resistance trends for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
  • Examination of treatment guidelines and recommendations from scientific societies.

Main Results:

  • Increasing resistance to azithromycin, a component of recommended dual therapy, is a significant concern.
  • The effectiveness of the ceftriaxone and azithromycin dual therapy is being questioned.
  • Extended spectrum cephalosporins remain a primary therapeutic option, but resistance is a growing threat.

Conclusions:

  • The rise in azithromycin resistance necessitates a re-evaluation of current gonococcal infection treatment protocols.
  • Alternative or modified therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to combat Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibiotic resistance.
  • Continued surveillance and research are critical for managing this evolving public health challenge.