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Related Concept Videos

Curing of Concrete01:20

Curing of Concrete

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The hydration of cement takes place within the water-filled capillary pores. However, environmental elements can disrupt this process by evaporating water from the concrete surfaces. Sealed concrete with a water-cement ratio below 0.5 experiences self-desiccation, leading to water loss. The water loss in concrete is mitigated by curing. This technique involves keeping the concrete saturated to maintain the necessary temperature and moisture conditions, to optimally fill the spaces in the cement...
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Curing Methods01:26

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Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
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Accelerated Curing of Concrete01:25

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Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Electrochemotherapy of Tumours
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Challenges to curing primary brain tumours.

Kenneth Aldape1, Kevin M Brindle2, Louis Chesler3

  • 1Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology
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This summary is machine-generated.

Brain tumors are deadly due to their resistance to treatments, stemming from unique neural tissue properties. Addressing seven key challenges is crucial for advancing brain tumor research and patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Cancer Research
  • Translational Medicine

Background:

  • Brain tumors represent a significant challenge in oncology, demonstrating high mortality rates despite extensive research.
  • Treatment resistance in brain tumors is partly attributed to the specific cell-intrinsic and microenvironmental characteristics of neural tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify critical challenges hindering progress in brain tumor research and treatment.
  • To guide future research directions and investment by outlining key obstacles.

Main Methods:

  • Convened an international panel of experts in clinical and laboratory-based brain tumor research.
  • Synthesized expert consensus on the most significant hurdles in the field.

Main Results:

  • Identified seven key challenges that impede the successful treatment and cure of brain tumors.
  • These challenges encompass both fundamental biological and clinical aspects of brain tumor progression and therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming these seven identified challenges is essential for advancing the field of neuro-oncology.
  • Targeted research and investment focused on these challenges are necessary to improve outcomes for patients with brain tumors.