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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Advancing Frontiers in Bone Bioprinting.

Nureddin Ashammakhi1,2,3,4, Anwarul Hasan5,6, Outi Kaarela4

  • 1Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
|February 9, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores 3D bioprinting for bone tissue engineering, focusing on bioinks and addressing challenges like vascularity and mechanical properties for clinical use.

Keywords:
3D bioprintingbioinksbone defectstissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting utilizes cell-laden biomaterials to create tissue constructs.
  • Key 3D bioprinting techniques include microextrusion, inkjet, and laser-assisted methods.
  • Bioinks for bone regeneration often comprise hydrogels with ceramics, cells, and growth factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review recent literature on bioinks for bone bioprinting.
  • To discuss major challenges hindering clinical translation of 3D bioprinted bone.
  • To explore emerging solutions and future strategies for customized bone constructs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on 3D bioprinting and bone tissue engineering.
  • Analysis of various bioink formulations and their suitability for bone regeneration.
  • Discussion of challenges and emerging approaches based on current research.

Main Results:

  • Identified diverse bioink compositions for bone bioprinting.
  • Highlighted critical challenges: vascularization, clinically relevant size, and mechanical integrity.
  • Reviewed innovative strategies to overcome these limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Significant advancements in bioinks and bioprinting techniques are evident.
  • Addressing vascularity, size, and mechanical properties is crucial for clinical application.
  • Future research should focus on personalized 3D printed bone structures.