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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors
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New Molecular Scaffolds for Fluorescent Voltage Indicators.

Steven C Boggess, Shivaani S Gandhi, Brian A Siemons

    ACS Chemical Biology
    |February 9, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed fluorene VoltageFluor 2 (fVF 2), a novel fluorescent voltage indicator. This probe enables fast, sensitive, and low-phototoxicity monitoring of membrane potential dynamics in neurons and cardiomyocytes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience and Cardiology
    • Molecular Imaging and Voltage Sensing

    Background:

    • Non-invasive monitoring of membrane potential dynamics in excitable cells is crucial for understanding brain and heart physiology and pathology.
    • Existing voltage indicators face limitations in sensitivity, speed, or phototoxicity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design, synthesize, and apply a new class of fluorescent voltage indicators based on a fluorene-based molecular wire.
    • To evaluate the performance of these probes, particularly fluorene VoltageFluor 2 (fVF 2), in mammalian neurons and human cardiomyocytes.

    Main Methods:

    • Design and synthesis of novel fluorene-based molecular wire fluorescent voltage indicators.
    • Application of the probes in mammalian neurons to monitor action potentials.
    • Testing in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to detect cardiac action potential waveform perturbations.

    Main Results:

    • The developed probe, fVF 2, demonstrated fast and sensitive measurements of membrane potential.
    • fVF 2 successfully reported on action potentials in neurons and detected waveform changes in cardiomyocytes.
    • Compared to existing indicators, fVF 2 exhibited significantly reduced phototoxicity and allowed for extended monitoring periods.

    Conclusions:

    • The fluorene-based molecular wire approach is a versatile strategy for developing voltage-sensing probes.
    • fVF 2 is a highly effective tool for interrogating membrane potential dynamics in both neuronal and cardiac contexts.
    • This new indicator offers improved performance, paving the way for advanced studies in neuroscience and cardiology.