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Simulations show that black hole jets are powered by collisionless plasma, self-consistently created near the horizon. Negative energy particles significantly aid black hole energy extraction via a Penrose process variant.

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Area of Science:

  • Astrophysics
  • Plasma Physics
  • General Relativity

Background:

  • Black holes generate powerful relativistic plasma jets.
  • The plasma in these jets is expected to be collisionless.
  • Pair creation near the black hole horizon is the proposed source of this plasma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simulate general-relativistic collisionless plasma within Kerr-black-hole magnetospheres.
  • To investigate the self-consistent supply of plasma via pair creation.
  • To analyze the resulting jet formation and energy extraction mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Initiating simulations from a vacuum state.
  • Injecting electron-positron (e±) pairs based on local electric fields.
  • Achieving steady states to study Blandford-Znajek jets and current sheets.

Main Results:

  • General-relativistic simulations successfully produced electromagnetically powered Blandford-Znajek jets.
  • Persistent current sheets were observed in the magnetosphere.
  • Particles with negative energy at infinity were identified as a general feature.
  • These negative energy particles contribute to black hole rotational energy extraction.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms the feasibility of self-consistent plasma generation and jet launching in black hole magnetospheres.
  • Negative energy particles offer a novel pathway for energy extraction, akin to the Penrose process.
  • The plasma distribution's dependence on the creation environment highlights the importance of plasma kinetics for interpreting observational data.