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Related Concept Videos

Energy Stored in a Capacitor01:12

Energy Stored in a Capacitor

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When an archer pulls the string in a bow, he saves the work done in the form of elastic potential energy. When he releases the string, the potential energy is released as kinetic energy of the arrow. A capacitor works on the same principle in which the work done is saved as electric potential energy. The potential energy (UC) could be calculated by measuring the work done (W) to charge the capacitor.
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Energy Stored in Capacitors01:10

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A parallel plate capacitor, when connected to a battery, develops a potential difference across its plates. This potential difference is key to the operation of the capacitor, as it determines how much electrical energy the capacitor can store.
By integrating the equation that relates voltage and current in a capacitor, one can derive an equation for the voltage across the capacitor at any given time. This equation is crucial in understanding and predicting the behavior of capacitors in...
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Energy Stored in Inductors01:16

Energy Stored in Inductors

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An inductor is ingeniously crafted to accumulate energy within its magnetic field. This field is a direct result of the current that meanders through its coiled structure. When this current maintains a steady state, there is no detectable voltage across the inductor, prompting it to mimic the behavior of a short circuit when faced with direct current.
In terms of gauging the energy stored within an inductor, it is equivalent to the integral of the power delivered at every individual moment, all...
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Energy Stored in a Capacitor: Problem Solving01:26

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In 1749, Benjamin Franklin coined the word battery for a series of capacitors connected to store energy. Capacitors store electric potential energy that can be released over a short time. This property means capacitors have a wide range of applications.
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Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Tissue Permeability01:30

Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Tissue Permeability

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The drug distribution process within the human body is a complex interplay of various physicochemical properties inherent to the drugs. These properties, including molecular size, ionization degree, partition coefficient, and stereochemical nature, significantly impact how drugs permeate biological membranes to reach their target tissues.
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Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Factors affecting RNA quantification from tissue long-term stored in formalin.

Mirjana Malnar1, Tadeja Režen2

  • 1Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods
|February 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Optimized protocols enhance RNA isolation and analysis from formalin-fixed tissues. Adjustments improve messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) detection, enabling valuable retrospective studies.

Keywords:
Formalin-fixed tissueLong-term storagemRNA expressionmiRNA expression

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are valuable for retrospective mRNA and miRNA analysis.
  • Formalin fixation and prolonged storage degrade RNA, complicating isolation and analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate factors affecting RNA isolation and RT-qPCR detection from FFPE mouse liver tissue stored for over two years.
  • To optimize protocols for analyzing mRNA and miRNA from long-term stored FFPE samples.

Main Methods:

  • Tested RNA isolation and RT-qPCR from FFPE mouse liver tissue.
  • Investigated the impact of pre-isolation buffer incubation and RT-qPCR parameters (primer specificity, amplicon length).
  • Compared results with fresh frozen liver tissue.

Main Results:

  • Pre-isolation incubation in TAE buffer increased RNA yield, purity, and downstream analysis quality.
  • Gene-specific primers and shorter PCR products (<70 bp) improved RT-qPCR performance.
  • Differential expression patterns of mRNA and miRNA in FFPE samples mirrored those in fresh frozen tissues.

Conclusions:

  • Protocol adjustments significantly improve mRNA and miRNA analysis from FFPE tissues stored long-term.
  • Optimized methods enable robust molecular analysis from archival FFPE samples.
  • FFPE samples, with proper handling, retain valuable information for gene expression studies.