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Related Concept Videos

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Correlations

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Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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Ionic current correlations are ubiquitous across phyla.

Trinh Tran1, Cagri T Unal2,3, Daniel Severin1

  • 1Johns Hopkins Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Rm 350 Dunning Hall, and The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.

Scientific Reports
|February 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic current correlations, crucial for neuronal excitability, are shown to exist in vertebrates, not just invertebrates. This study reveals these correlations in mouse neurons and suggests a circadian regulation in some cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular Electrophysiology
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Ionic currents and ion channel expression vary significantly in neuronal populations.
  • Correlations in ionic conductance amplitudes are known in invertebrates, linked to stable neuronal excitability.
  • Such correlations have not been previously reported in vertebrates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the existence of ionic conductance amplitude correlations in vertebrate neurons.
  • To determine if these correlations are a ubiquitous phenomenon across species.
  • To explore the regulatory mechanisms of these correlations, including circadian influences.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological recordings from identified mouse hippocampal granule cells (GCs) and cholinergic basal forebrain neurons.
  • Analysis of ionic current magnitudes and their interrelationships within individual neurons.
  • Comparison of correlation patterns under different conditions, including potential circadian regulation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated correlations between ionic conductance amplitudes in mouse GCs and basal forebrain neurons, confirming their presence in vertebrates.
  • Provided evidence suggesting these correlations are widespread across phyla.
  • Identified circadian regulation of these conductance correlations in dentate gyrus GCs, with nuanced effects on different conductance pairs.

Conclusions:

  • Ionic conductance correlations are a conserved mechanism for maintaining neuronal excitability across vertebrate and invertebrate species.
  • Circadian rhythms play a role in modulating neuronal excitability through differential regulation of ionic conductance correlations.
  • The findings suggest a ubiquitous and dynamically regulated homeostatic mechanism for neuronal function.