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Interactions between chlorophenols and peroxymonosulfate: pH dependency and reaction pathways.

Chen-Xuan Li1, Yun-Jie Wang2, Chang-Bin Chen2

  • 1Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; USTC-CityU joint Advanced Research Center, Suzhou 215123, China; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.

The Science of the Total Environment
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PubMed
Summary

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) effectively degrades chlorophenols, important disinfection by-products (DBPs). Degradation is faster at higher pH, with more chlorinated phenols degrading quicker due to increased dissociation and intermediate generation of singlet oxygen.

Keywords:
Chlorine groupChlorophenolsDissociationPeroxymonosulfate (PMS)Singlet oxygen ((1)O(2))

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Water Treatment Technologies
  • Advanced Oxidation Processes

Background:

  • Phenolic compounds are key components of natural organic matter.
  • Non-radical reactions with peroxysulfates offer catalyst- and energy-free remediation.
  • Existing methods are ineffective for halogenated aromatic compounds, a significant class of disinfection by-products (DBPs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the interactions between peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and chlorophenols.
  • Identify factors influencing the degradation of chlorophenols by PMS.
  • Elucidate the mechanisms of chlorophenol transformation in PMS systems.

Main Methods:

  • Studied the kinetics of chlorophenol degradation using PMS.
  • Analyzed the influence of solution pH on degradation rates.
  • Examined the effect of chlorophenol structure (degree of chlorination) on reactivity.
  • Identified degradation intermediates and their role in the reaction.

Main Results:

  • Chlorophenol degradation by PMS is highly dependent on pH and chlorophenol species.
  • Higher pH significantly accelerates chlorophenol degradation.
  • Degradation rates at alkaline pH followed the order: trichlorophenol > dichlorophenol > chlorophenol > tetrachlorophenol.
  • More chlorinated phenols degraded faster due to higher dissociation, facilitating direct pollutant-PMS interaction and radical generation.
  • Chlorophenol degradation intermediates, like benzoquinone, generated singlet oxygen at alkaline pH, enhancing removal.
  • Tetrachlorophenol degradation was slower, likely due to electrostatic repulsion with PMS.

Conclusions:

  • Unveiled the degradation mechanisms of chlorophenols in PMS reaction systems.
  • Demonstrated the crucial role of pH and chlorophenol structure in PMS-mediated degradation.
  • Highlighted the contribution of intermediate-generated singlet oxygen to pollutant removal.
  • Provided insights for optimizing advanced oxidation processes for DBP control and reduction.