Testing and Extending Schwartz Refined Value Theory Using a Best-Worst Scaling Approach

Area of Science:

• Psychology
• Social Psychology

Background:

• The theory of human values initially identified 10 basic values in a quasicircular structure, supported by various instruments and samples.
• A refined theory later proposed 19 values within the same circular structure, primarily supported by the revised Portrait Values Questionnaire.

Purpose of the Study:

• To assess the robustness of the refined theory of human values (19 values) using a new measurement method.
• To evaluate the distinctiveness and validity of a newly proposed animal welfare value.
• To confirm the convergent and discriminant validity of the 19 values and the test-retest reliability of the new scale.

Main Methods:

• Three studies involving 784, 439, and 383 participants were conducted.
• A forced-choice method, the Best-Worst Refined Values scale (BWVr), was introduced to measure human values.
• Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed by comparing BWVr, the revised Portrait Values Questionnaire, and value-expressive behaviors.

Main Results:

• The refined theory of human values, comprising 19 values, was supported across studies and measurement methods.
• The new animal welfare value demonstrated distinctiveness and validity.
• Study 3 confirmed the convergent and discriminant validity of the 19 values and the test-retest reliability of the BWVr scale.

Conclusions:

• The refined theory of human values is robust to the method of measurement.
• The inclusion of an animal welfare value is supported, adding to the understanding of the value circle.
• The BWVr scale provides a reliable and valid method for assessing human values.