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Related Concept Videos

Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
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Metal/graphene heterobilayers as hydrogen evolution reaction cathodes: a first-principles study.

Gang Zhou1

  • 1School of Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, People's Republic of China.

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|February 12, 2019
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Summary

Researchers developed a new strategy using rhodium/graphene heterobilayers to enhance electrocatalysis performance and reduce costs. This novel material shows superior hydrogen evolution reaction activity compared to platinum, offering a more efficient and economical alternative.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Commercial platinum/carbon (Pt/C) catalysts are widely used but costly.
  • Improving the performance-to-cost ratio of electrocatalysts is crucial for widespread adoption.
  • Precious metal/graphene heterobilayers offer a potential avenue for catalyst improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a strategy for enhancing the performance/cost ratio of metals in electrocatalysis.
  • To investigate the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of rhodium/graphene heterobilayers.
  • To elucidate the charge transfer mechanisms and structure-activity relationships in these 2D systems.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication and characterization of rhodium/graphene heterobilayers.
  • Electrocatalytic testing for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity.
  • Analysis of electronic structure and charge transfer using theoretical calculations (implied).

Main Results:

  • Rhodium/graphene heterobilayers exhibit significantly higher HER activity than unsupported rhodium and even platinum.
  • Rhodium atoms interacting with graphene show a downshift in d-states due to interlayer charge transfer, weakening hydrogen binding.
  • The HER process approaches thermo-neutrality, indicating high efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Interlayer charge transfer in rhodium/graphene heterobilayers optimizes hydrogen binding for efficient HER.
  • Support interactions and surface corrugations critically influence charge transfer and HER activity.
  • This study provides insights for designing advanced metal/graphene heterostructures for water electrolysis electrodes.