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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

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Emerging behavior problems: Bidirectional relations between maternal and paternal parenting styles with infant

Shannon M O Wittig1, Christina M Rodriguez1

  • 1Department of Psychology.

Developmental Psychology
|February 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Maternal authoritative and permissive parenting styles influence infant regulatory capacity. Infant temperament also impacts maternal permissive parenting, highlighting bidirectional effects in early development.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Family Studies
  • Child Psychology

Background:

  • Understanding the interplay between parenting and infant temperament is crucial for child development.
  • Previous research has explored unidirectional effects, but bidirectional influences require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine bidirectional effects between maternal/paternal parenting styles and infant temperament.
  • To investigate prospective parenting style impacts on infant temperament.
  • To explore infant temperament's influence on parenting styles and child behavior problems.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study with 3 waves of data (prenatal, 6 months, 18 months).
  • Diverse sample of 201 mothers and 151 fathers.
  • Self-report measures for parenting styles, infant temperament, and child problem behaviors.

Main Results:

  • Maternal authoritative and permissive parenting predicted infant orienting/regulatory capacity.
  • Infant orienting/regulatory capacity and negative affect predicted increased maternal permissive parenting.
  • Parenting and temperament at 6 months predicted externalizing/internalizing behaviors at 18 months, with parent-specific differences.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal parenting styles, particularly prenatal perceptions, predict infant temperament.
  • Infant temperament can subsequently influence maternal parenting, indicating bidirectional effects.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand fathers' bidirectional effects on child development.