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Related Concept Videos

Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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Adult Stem Cells01:33

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Distinctive Features of Adult Stem Cells vs Cancer Stem Cells01:18

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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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Adult stem cells are tissue-specific; hence, they divide to develop the tissue from which they originate. One type of adult stem cell is the epithelial stem cell, which gives rise to the keratinocytes in the multiple layers of epithelial cells in the epidermis of the skin. Adult bone marrow has three distinct types of stem cells:...
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Author Spotlight: Optimizing iPSC Differentiation for Efficient Production to Generate Kidney Organoids
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Author Spotlight: Optimizing iPSC Differentiation for Efficient Production to Generate Kidney Organoids

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Generating Kidney from Stem Cells.

Melissa H Little1,2,3, Lorna J Hale1, Sara E Howden1,2

  • 1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia;

Annual Review of Physiology
|February 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human pluripotent stem cells can now generate kidney tissue, aiding disease modeling and drug testing. Further research is needed to apply these stem cell-derived kidney tissues in cellular therapies.

Keywords:
disease modelinghuman developmentkidney diseasekidney organoidpluripotent stem cell

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer a promising source for generating human kidney tissue.
  • Directed differentiation protocols have advanced the creation of kidney organoids and specific kidney cell types from hPSCs.
  • These advancements hold potential for disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current models of human kidney tissue derived from stem cells.
  • To evaluate the fidelity of these models in recapitulating normal and diseased human kidney physiology.
  • To assess the readiness of stem cell-derived kidney tissues for clinical applications, including cellular therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on directed differentiation of hPSCs into kidney lineages.
  • Analysis of studies assessing the structural and functional recapitulation of human kidney tissue by stem cell-derived models.
  • Evaluation of the current limitations and future prospects for therapeutic applications.

Main Results:

  • Various models of human kidney tissue, including organoids and specific cell types, have been successfully generated from hPSCs.
  • These models demonstrate varying degrees of recapitulation of human kidney development and function.
  • Significant progress has been made, but challenges remain in achieving full maturity and complexity for therapeutic use.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cell-derived kidney tissues represent a significant breakthrough for kidney research and potential therapies.
  • Further optimization is required to enhance the accuracy and reliability of these models for clinical applications.
  • The field is progressing towards the use of these tissues in disease modeling, nephrotoxicity screening, and potentially renal replacement therapies.