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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

4.5K
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Molecules and Compounds02:38

Molecules and Compounds

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Atoms and Molecules
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Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces03:00

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

96.7K
Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
96.7K
Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

70.1K
Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
70.1K
Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

43.8K
An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
43.8K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Force Spectroscopy of Single Protein Molecules Using an Atomic Force Microscope
06:45

Force Spectroscopy of Single Protein Molecules Using an Atomic Force Microscope

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Atomic force microscopy for single molecule characterisation of protein aggregation.

Francesco Simone Ruggeri1, Tomas Šneideris2, Michele Vendruscolo1

  • 1Centre for Misfolding Disease, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
|February 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) advances nanoscience and biological imaging. This review details AFM principles and single-molecule analysis for understanding protein aggregation and nanomaterials.

Keywords:
AmyloidAtomic force microscopyBiophysicsProtein aggregationResolutionSingle molecule imaging

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Covalent Immobilization of Proteins for the Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Nanoscience
  • Biophysics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Atomic force microscopy (AFM) offers novel opportunities in nanoscience and biological system observation.
  • AFM imaging is crucial for resolving protein aggregation at the single-molecule level, aiding in understanding human pathologies like neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Studying individual macromolecules at the nanoscale, especially for quantitative data, presents significant challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles of AFM, focusing on factors influencing its sensitivity and accuracy.
  • To explore fundamental parameters and approaches for achieving high-resolution AFM imaging.
  • To discuss the application of single-molecule statistical analysis in biomolecular research and nanomaterial characterization.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of AFM principles and sensitivity factors.
  • Review of high-resolution AFM techniques for nanoscale imaging.
  • Application of single-molecule statistical analysis for biomolecules and protein aggregates.

Main Results:

  • AFM provides detailed insights into protein aggregation and conformational states.
  • High-resolution AFM enables quantitative analysis of single macromolecules.
  • Single-molecule statistical analysis reveals hierarchical assembly and dynamics of misfolded protein species.

Conclusions:

  • AFM is a powerful tool for nanoscale investigation of biological systems and materials.
  • Advanced AFM techniques facilitate the study of complex molecular processes like protein aggregation.
  • The single-molecule statistical approach is vital for unraveling the assembly and properties of biomolecular structures and functional nanomaterials.