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Related Concept Videos

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

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Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei...
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¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution01:10

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution

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Protons bonded to heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen exhibit a range of chemical shift values. This is due to the varying degree of hydrogen bonding between the proton and the heteroatom in other molecules. The extent of hydrogen bonding affects the electron density around the proton, thereby giving different chemical shift values for the protons in the proton NMR spectrum.
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¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution00:48

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution

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This lesson illustrates the role of deuterium substitution in simplifying the NMR spectrum of compounds comprising labile protons. One method employed is the use of deuterium. Amongst the three isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (2H) has a nucleus composed of one proton and one neutron. When the D2O solvent is added to a pure dry ethanol solution, its labile proton is substituted with deuterium.
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¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons01:03

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons

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Protons in identical electronic environments within a molecule are chemically equivalent and have the same chemical shift. The replacement test is a useful tool to identify chemical equivalence and predict NMR spectra. A substituent replaces each of the protons being examined and the resulting molecules are compared. If the same molecule is obtained, the protons are equivalent or homotopic. Replacement of any hydrogens in ethane by chlorine yields chloroethane because all six protons are...
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¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons00:58

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons

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Replacing each alpha-hydrogen in chloroethane by bromine (or a different functional group) yields a pair of enantiomers. Such protons are called prochiral or enantiotopic and are related by a mirror plane. Enantiotopic protons are chemically equivalent in an achiral environment. Because most proton NMR spectra are recorded using achiral solvents, enantiotopic hydrogens yield a single signal.
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Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Proton Pump Inhibitors01:13

Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Proton Pump Inhibitors

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Peptic ulcers, often induced by H. pylori infections or NSAID usage, arise from disruptions in the delicate balance of gastric acid production. Peptic ulcers stem from heightened gastric acid levels due to H. pylori infections or NSAID use. The protective mucus layer diminishes in the presence of these factors, allowing gastric acid to erode the stomach lining and form ulcers.
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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Ketoacidosis - Where Do the Protons Come From?

Allan Green1, Ronald E Bishop1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SUNY Oneonta, 108 Ravine Parkway, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA.

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Severe ketosis can lead to dangerous ketoacidosis, especially in type 1 diabetes. This study questions the acidic nature of ketone bodies, identifying four alternative sources contributing to acidosis during ketogenesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Ketosis, a metabolic state, can dangerously progress to ketoacidosis under extreme conditions, particularly in type 1 diabetes.
  • The prevailing explanation for ketoacidosis attributes it to the inherent acidity of ketone bodies like acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate.
  • However, these ketone bodies are synthesized as conjugate bases, and acetone is non-acidic, challenging the conventional understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying reasons for acidosis accompanying severe ketosis.
  • To re-evaluate the sources of acidity in the context of ketogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the biochemical steps involved in ketogenesis.
  • Identification and examination of potential sources contributing to acidosis during ketone body production.

Main Results:

  • Ketone bodies (acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetone) are not produced as acids.
  • Four alternative sources contributing to acidosis during ketogenesis were identified: adipocyte lipolysis, inorganic pyrophosphate hydrolysis, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity, and increased CoA synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • The conventional attribution of ketoacidosis solely to the acidity of ketone bodies is inaccurate.
  • Acidosis in severe ketosis arises from multiple metabolic processes beyond the direct acidity of ketone bodies themselves.