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Common cellular origin and diverging developmental programs for different sesamoid bones.

Shai Eyal1, Sarah Rubin1, Sharon Krief1

  • 1Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|February 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sesamoid bone development involves Sox9/Scx progenitors and TGFβ regulation, independent of muscle forces. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) like BMP2 and BMP4 control growth and differentiation, revealing common and divergent pathways in these accessory bones.

Keywords:
BMPJointMouseScleraxisSesamoid boneSox9Tgfβ

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Skeletal biology
  • Comparative anatomy

Background:

  • Sesamoid bones are accessory bones crucial for joint stability and function.
  • A comprehensive developmental model for diverse sesamoid bones remains elusive.
  • Understanding sesamoid development offers insights into skeletal evolution and plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the developmental mechanisms of three distinct sesamoid bones: patella, lateral fabella, and digit sesamoids.
  • To elucidate the molecular and mechanical factors governing sesamoid bone formation.
  • To identify commonalities and divergences in the development of different sesamoid types.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of mouse models for patella, lateral fabella, and digit sesamoid development.
  • Investigation of gene expression patterns, focusing on Sox9 and Scx.
  • Examination of signaling pathways, including TGFβ, BMP2, and BMP4.
  • Assessment of the role of mechanical stimuli from muscles.

Main Results:

  • All three sesamoid types originate from Sox9/Scx progenitors, regulated by TGFβ, independent of muscle forces.
  • BMP2 regulates the growth of all examined sesamoids; BMP4 and BMP2 redundantly regulate lateral fabella and digit sesamoid differentiation.
  • Patella and digit sesamoids form near long bones, while lateral fabella forms separately.
  • Digit sesamoids detach via fibrocartilaginous joint formation, distinct from the patella-femur synovial joint.

Conclusions:

  • Sesamoid bone development shares common molecular regulators (Sox9/Scx, TGFβ, BMPs) but exhibits divergent mechanisms.
  • Mechanical stimuli are not primary drivers of initial sesamoid formation.
  • The distinct joint formation processes highlight evolutionary adaptations in sesamoid development.
  • Findings underscore the evolutionary plasticity of sesamoid bone formation.