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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte
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Various nuclear reprogramming systems using egg and oocyte materials.

Kei Miyamoto1

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.

The Journal of Reproduction and Development
|February 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal factors in eggs reprogram sperm and somatic cells. This review explores various experimental systems, like nuclear transfer, to understand these reprogramming mechanisms and the acquisition of totipotency.

Keywords:
Egg and oocyteMaternal factorsNuclear reprogrammingNuclear transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cellular Reprogramming
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Maternal factors within eggs and oocytes are crucial for reprogramming sperm and somatic cells.
  • These factors are essential for initiating embryonic development and can induce pluripotency in differentiated cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss diverse experimental systems for studying nuclear reprogramming mediated by maternal factors.
  • To highlight how these systems facilitate the examination of totipotency acquisition and reprogramming mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Nuclear transfer of somatic cell nuclei into metaphase II oocytes for cloning.
  • Nuclear transfer into germinal vesicle stage oocytes.
  • Treatment with egg/oocyte extracts.
  • Induced pluripotency via overexpression of maternal factors.

Main Results:

  • Nuclear transfer to oocytes is a primary method for studying reprogramming and totipotency.
  • Various systems offer distinct advantages for investigating different aspects of maternal reprogramming.
  • Each system provides unique insights into the mechanisms underlying cellular reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Diverse experimental systems utilizing egg and oocyte materials are available for studying maternal reprogramming.
  • These systems are instrumental in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of nuclear reprogramming and totipotency.
  • Further exploration of these systems will deepen our comprehension of developmental biology and regenerative medicine.