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In an open-loop system, such as a basic thermostat, the poles of the transfer function influence the system's response but do not determine its stability. However, when feedback is introduced to form a closed-loop system, such as an advanced thermostat that adjusts heating based on room temperature, stability is governed by the new poles of the closed-loop transfer function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

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Ergonomics in handheld and robot-assisted camera control: a randomized controlled trial.

Paul J M Wijsman1,2,3, Lennert Molenaar4,5, Cas D P Van't Hullenaar4

  • 1Department of Surgery, Meander Medical Center, Maatweg 3, Amersfoort, The Netherlands. pjm.wijsman@meandermc.nl.

Surgical Endoscopy
|February 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The AutoLap™ robotic camera holder significantly improves assistant ergonomics and reduces physical discomfort during laparoscopic surgery. Surgeon ergonomics remain unaffected, while overall workload is lessened.

Keywords:
Active robotic camera steeringAutoLap™ systemErgonomicsLaparoscopic camera holder

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical Technology
  • Ergonomics
  • Minimally Invasive Surgery

Background:

  • Laparoscopic surgery can impose physical strain on operating room personnel.
  • Evaluating ergonomic solutions is crucial for improving surgical team well-being.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of the AutoLap™ robotic camera holder on surgeon and assistant ergonomics.
  • To determine if robotic camera assistance reduces physical discomfort and workload in laparoscopic procedures.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized study comparing the AutoLap™ system against standard care in 30 laparoscopic cases.
  • Posture analysis using the RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) score and subjective questionnaires (SMEQ, NASA TLX, LED).
  • Independent assessment of RULA scores by two investigators with high inter-observer reliability (ICC > 0.93).

Main Results:

  • The AutoLap™ system significantly improved assistant posture (mean RULA score 2.55 vs. 3.70, p=0.001).
  • Surgeon RULA scores were comparable between groups (2.58 vs. 2.72).
  • Subjective reports indicated significantly lower physical discomfort (LED, SMEQ) and overall workload (NASA TLX, except mental domain) with the AutoLap™ system.

Conclusions:

  • The AutoLap™ system enhances the ergonomic posture for the first assistant during laparoscopic surgery.
  • Robotic camera holders can reduce physical discomfort and subjective workload for surgical teams.
  • Surgeon ergonomics are not negatively impacted by the use of the AutoLap™ system.