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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, are alike in that their respective molecules are composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. However, because a hydrogen peroxide molecule contains two oxygen atoms, as opposed to the water molecule, which has only one, the two substances exhibit very different properties.
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In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
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Sensory systems detect stimuli—such as light and sound waves—and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. In addition to external stimuli detected by the senses, some sensory systems detect internal stimuli—such as the proprioceptors in muscles and tendons that send feedback about limb position.
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Cerebral microbleeds: Beyond the macroscope.

Maud Pétrault1, Barbara Casolla2, Thavarak Ouk1

  • 11 Department of Medical Pharmacology, Univ Lille, Inserm U1171-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, CHU Lille, Lille, France.

International Journal of Stroke : Official Journal of the International Stroke Society
|February 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain microbleeds, small hemosiderin deposits, are key biomarkers for cerebrovascular disease severity. Further research is needed to understand their cellular mechanisms and impact on brain tissue.

Keywords:
Cerebral microbleedcerebral amyloid angiopathyexperimental modelsintracerebral hemorrhage

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimaging
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Brain microbleeds are increasingly recognized in clinical practice.
  • These lesions, appearing as small dot-like areas, are associated with cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Microbleeds are considered important biomarkers of underlying cerebrovascular disease severity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To bridge the gap between neuroimaging definitions and pathophysiological understanding of brain microbleeds.
  • To explore the natural history and cellular interactions of microbleeds.
  • To determine if microbleeds represent a miniature form of intracerebral hemorrhage or a distinct type of injury.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and experimental literature.
  • Analysis of neuroimaging findings.
  • Examination of histopathological and experimental data.

Main Results:

  • A discrepancy exists between the definition of microbleeds from neuroimaging and current pathophysiological hypotheses.
  • The natural history and cellular interactions of microbleeds remain largely unknown.
  • Microbleeds may influence therapeutic decisions in neurological patients.

Conclusions:

  • A collaborative effort between clinicians and basic scientists is essential.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of microbleeds.
  • Understanding microbleeds requires moving beyond a "macro" view to detailed cellular and molecular insights.