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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

Sensory Functions of the Skin

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

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The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails01:05

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Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are composed of specialized keratinized cells and serve various functions, including protection, sensation, and manual dexterity.
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Immunotherapy for skin cancer.

Kelly G Paulson1,2, Miranda C Lahman1,2, Aude G Chapuis1,2

  • 1Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.

International Immunology
|February 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Skin cancers show high sensitivity to immunotherapy, with response rates over 40% for anti-programmed-death 1 (PD-1) therapy. However, understanding and overcoming resistance mechanisms is crucial for improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Merkel cellPD-1cutaneous malignancyimmune checkpointmelanoma

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Skin cancers exhibit remarkable sensitivity to immunotherapy, with response rates exceeding 40% for anti-programmed-death 1 (PD-1) therapy across various types.
  • This sensitivity is attributed to high mutational burdens, tumor antigens, and viral antigens, making skin cancers a model for tumor-immune interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the progress of immunotherapy in treating skin cancers.
  • To elucidate the complex mechanisms of primary and adaptive resistance to immunotherapy in skin cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on immunotherapy response rates in skin cancers.
  • Analysis of recent findings on resistance mechanisms, including tumor cell-intrinsic, T cell, and microenvironment factors.
  • Incorporation of insights from single-cell technologies in understanding tumor-immune dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Anti-PD-1 therapy demonstrates significant efficacy in treating various skin cancers, including cutaneous malignant melanomas, Merkel cell carcinomas, and others.
  • Despite high response rates, a substantial proportion of tumors develop resistance to immunotherapy.
  • Emerging research highlights multifaceted resistance mechanisms involving tumor cells, T cells, and the tumor microenvironment.

Conclusions:

  • Immunotherapy has revolutionized skin cancer treatment, offering significant therapeutic benefits.
  • Further research into resistance mechanisms is essential for developing strategies to enhance immunotherapy efficacy and overcome treatment failure in skin cancer patients.