Burkholderia glumae and B. gladioli Cause Bacterial Panicle Blight in Rice in the Southern United States

Bacterial panicle blight (BPB) is among the three most limiting rice diseases in Louisiana and the southern United States. The identity and characterization of pathogens associated with this disease was unclear. This research details studies carried out on the pathogens causing BPB on rice in Louisiana and other rice producing southern states. Bacterial strains were isolated from BPB-infected sheath, panicle, or grain samples collected from rice fields in Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, and Mississippi. In greenhouse inoculation tests, 292 of 364 strains were pathogenic on rice seedlings or panicles. Identification of strains in the pathogen complex by growth on S-PG medium, carbon source utilization profile (Biolog), cellular fatty acid analysis, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods revealed that 76 and 5% of the strains were Burkholderia glumae and B. gladioli, respectively. The other strains have not been conclusively identified. Although strains of both species produced similar symptoms on rice, B. glumae strains were generally more aggressive and caused more severe symptoms on rice than B. gladioli. Virulent strains of both species produced toxoflavin in culture. The two species had similar growth responses to temperature, and optima ranged from 38 to 40°C for B. glumae and 35 to 37°C for B. gladioli. PCR was the most sensitive and accurate method tested for identifying the bacterial pathogens to the species level. The 16S rDNA gene and 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences of the B. glumae and B. gladioli strains from rice showed more than 99% sequence homology with published sequences. A real-time PCR system was developed to detect and quantify this pathogen from infected seed lots. Our results clearly indicate that B. glumae and B. gladioli were the major pathogens causing BPB in the southern United States.