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Related Concept Videos

Surveys02:16

Surveys

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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Introduction to Surveying, Plane Surveying and Geodetic Surveys01:27

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Surveying is the art and science of mapping the earth's surface. It involves measuring distances, angles in horizontal or vertical directions, and levels to understand the shape and size of land features. Surveying techniques are essential for various tasks, such as identifying the levels of a land area with reference to a specific point, and mapping undulations and water bodies.There are two main types of surveying: plane surveys and geodetic surveys. Plane surveys assume the earth is flat,...
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Errors and Mistakes in Surveying01:19

Errors and Mistakes in Surveying

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Errors and mistakes in surveying refer to inaccuracies in measurements and data recording. The errors are deviations from the actual value caused by human sensory limitations, equipment flaws, or environmental effects. These errors are typically unintentional and can result from the inherent imperfections in the instruments used, atmospheric conditions, or the observer’s inability to perceive exact measurements. On the other hand, mistakes are caused by the surveyor's lack of...
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Types of Surveys01:27

Types of Surveys

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Surveys are essential for marking property boundaries near water bodies. Different types of surveys are defined, each with its own function. Land surveys mark the property boundaries, while route surveys determine the position of properties on nearby highways. Topographic surveys create maps by capturing the three-dimensional features of the land. Hydrographic surveys focus on the shapes of underwater areas and the movement of streams through the properties. Mine surveys determine the relative...
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Survey Safety01:28

Survey Safety

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Surveying near highways, rough terrain, or power lines involves significant risks. Working along highways is particularly dangerous and requires the use of warning signs and flagmen. It is safest to avoid working directly on roads and use offsets whenever possible. When highway work is unavoidable, it must follow all safety guidelines. Surveyors should wear bright clothing, such as orange reflective vests, to ensure visibility to motorists, coworkers, and hunters. In construction zones, wearing...
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Data Collection by Survey01:07

Data Collection by Survey

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The systematic method of obtaining and analyzing accurate information of a population is called data collection. A survey is a standard method of data collection that involves collecting information from a target human population about their experience, opinion, or knowledge of a product, service, or process. The responses are recorded and interpreted. The most common survey examples are written questionnaires, face-to-face or telephonic conversations, focus groups, and electronic (e-mail or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
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Refractory lupus nephritis: a survey.

M Weidenbusch1, Y Bai1, J Eder1

  • 1Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Lupus
|February 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The term "refractory lupus nephritis" lacks a clear definition among experts, leading to varied clinical practices and assessment methods. A consensus definition is crucial for consistent patient care and research in lupus nephritis.

Keywords:
Immune complexbiopsydisease activityproteinuriatherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • 'Refractory lupus nephritis' is commonly used but lacks a standardized definition.
  • This ambiguity contributes to diverse clinical practices among specialists.
  • Understanding these perceptions is vital for improving lupus nephritis management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the varied perceptions of 'refractory lupus nephritis' among nephrologists and rheumatologists.
  • To identify differences in clinical practice for assessing and defining refractory lupus nephritis.
  • To highlight the need for a consensus definition.

Main Methods:

  • A survey was distributed to 145 nephrology and rheumatology experts treating lupus nephritis.
  • Questionnaires assessed perceptions of 'refractory lupus nephritis' and clinical assessment strategies.
  • Statistical analysis (Chi-squared test) was used to compare responses between specialties.

Main Results:

  • Significant diversity exists in how specialists define and assess refractory lupus nephritis, including timing of response evaluation and preferred proteinuria quantification methods (e.g., UPCR vs. 24h sampling).
  • Rheumatologists more frequently used urinary sediment, while nephrologists relied more on clinical symptoms for response assessment.
  • Nephrologists were more inclined to consider re-biopsy, and persistent immunological activity was a primary concern for most experts.

Conclusions:

  • There is considerable heterogeneity in the understanding and definition of 'refractory lupus nephritis' among lupus nephritis experts.
  • Current clinical practices vary significantly regarding assessment of treatment response and diagnostic criteria.
  • Establishing a consensus definition for 'refractory lupus nephritis' is urgently needed to standardize care and advance research.