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Range00:59

Range

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The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
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Automated Segmentation of Cortical Grey Matter from T1-Weighted MRI Images
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Reference range determination for imaging biomarkers: Myocardial T1.

David M Higgins1, Claire Keeble2, Christoph Juli3

  • 1MR Clinical Science, Philips UK & Ireland.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : JMRI
|February 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Establishing myocardial T1 reference ranges using MRI is crucial for cardiac medicine. This study presents a statistically sound method to determine these ranges, ensuring accuracy and efficient resource use for clinical comparisons.

Keywords:
T1 mappingimaging biomarkernormal valuesreference intervalreference range

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Biomarker Validation
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Myocardial T1 relaxation time, an imaging biomarker derived from MRI, requires validated reference ranges for effective use in cardiac medicine.
  • Current consensus recommends individual centers establish their own myocardial T1 reference ranges.
  • Accurate reference ranges are essential for interpreting T1 measurements in clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a statistically robust methodology for establishing and reporting myocardial T1 reference ranges within individual centers.
  • To minimize the risks associated with undersampling (uncertainty) and oversampling (resource waste, participant burden).
  • To provide a standardized approach for generating reliable T1 reference ranges.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 278 healthy subjects without cardiac disease was recruited from two cardiac MRI centers.
  • Myocardial T1 relaxation times were measured using a Modified Look-Locker Inversion recovery sequence at 1.5T and 3T field strengths.
  • Statistical analysis included Shapiro-Wilk tests for normality, Tukey's robust method for outlier identification, and reference range calculation with confidence intervals.

Main Results:

  • Reference ranges for myocardial T1 were calculated with confidence intervals at both 1.5T and 3T across the two sites.
  • Specific ranges were determined: 3T (site 1: 1129-1301 msec; site 2: 1160-1309 msec) and 1.5T (site 2: 933-1020 msec [male], 965-1054 msec [female]).
  • The 3T reference range from site 1 was successfully validated against site 2's range, demonstrating inter-center consistency.

Conclusions:

  • The described methodology enables the proper characterization of myocardial T1 reference ranges.
  • This approach facilitates reliable clinical comparisons by providing reference ranges with known confidence intervals.
  • The study provides a framework for centers to establish valid myocardial T1 reference ranges for diagnostic use.