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Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems01:19

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Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
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Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Carbon-Heteroatom and Miscellaneous Systems01:15

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Oxidative reactions are pivotal in metabolizing numerous compounds, including pharmaceutical drugs. These reactions often occur in carbon-heteroatom systems, such as carbon-nitrogen, carbon-sulfur, and carbon-oxygen.
In carbon-nitrogen systems, aliphatic and aromatic amines can undergo oxidative reactions. Secondary and tertiary amines, like those found in tricyclic antidepressants, can undergo N-dealkylation, a process that involves the oxidation of the alkyl group. In addition, oxidative...
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Phase I Reactions: Hydrolytic Reactions01:15

Phase I Reactions: Hydrolytic Reactions

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Hydrolysis, a cornerstone of phase I biotransformation reactions, uses water to cleave chemical bonds. This process is pivotal in drug metabolism, generating more polar metabolites that can be easily excreted.
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Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions01:24

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Acetylation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, introduces an acetyl group to drugs or their metabolites. Acetyltransferase enzymes facilitate this reaction, which resembles α-amino acid conjugation due to the addition of a functional group to the drug molecule.
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Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions01:27

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Phase I biotransformation reductive reactions are chemical processes that modify drugs by introducing or revealing polar functional groups via reduction. Enzymes called reductases catalyze these reactions, playing a pivotal role in drug metabolism by transforming lipophilic drugs into more polar, water-soluble metabolites for easy excretion. An essential type of reductive reaction is the carbonyl group reduction, where aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alcohols. An example is the...
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Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

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Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases
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A Gas-Phase Reaction Cell for Modern Atom Probe Systems.

Daniel Haley1, Ingrid McCarroll2, Paul A J Bagot1

  • 1Department of Materials,Oxford University,16 Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH,UK.

Microscopy and Microanalysis : the Official Journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada
|February 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

We developed a new atom probe tomography system to study gas-surface interactions, crucial for understanding hydrogen embrittlement in metals. This advanced system analyzes gas interactions with various materials under diverse conditions.

Keywords:
atom probe tomographydeuteriumhydrogeninstrumentation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding gas-surface interactions is critical for materials degradation, particularly hydrogen embrittlement in metals.
  • Existing techniques may lack the resolution or versatility to study these interactions comprehensively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel atom probe tomography (APT) system designed for in-situ gas-surface interaction studies.
  • To enable detailed examination of surface and subsurface gas interactions across a range of materials and gas types.

Main Methods:

  • Development and implementation of a specialized APT system capable of variable pressure operation (10⁻⁶ to 1000 mbar).
  • Integration of heating and cryogenic quenching capabilities for dynamic environmental control.
  • Utilizing APT for high-resolution chemical and structural analysis of gas-induced changes in materials.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the system's capability to analyze hydrogen interactions with palladium (Pd).
  • Successfully examined water vapor and oxygen interactions with magnesium (Mg) samples.
  • Validated the system's performance across a wide pressure range and with multiple gas types.

Conclusions:

  • The new APT system offers unprecedented capabilities for investigating gas-surface phenomena.
  • This technology is vital for advancing the understanding of critical issues like hydrogen embrittlement.
  • The system's versatility supports research in diverse fields requiring detailed gas-material interaction analysis.