Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 29, 2026
Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia
Published on: December 2, 2015
Comorbidity of bipolar I disorder and conduct disorder: a familial risk analysis
J Wozniak1,2, T Wilens1,2, M DiSalvo1
1Pediatric Psychopharmacology Program, Division of Child Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Objective:
To investigate the association between pediatric bipolar I (BP-I) disorder and conduct disorder (CD) using familial risk analysis.
Method:
We compared diagnoses in relatives of youth in four proband groups defined by the presence or absence of BP-I and CD: (1) probands with neither CD nor BP-I (probands: N = 550; relatives: N = 1656), (2) probands with CD and without BP-I (probands: N = 40; relatives: N = 127), (3) probands with BP-I and without CD (probands: N = 197; relatives: N = 579), and (4) probands with both CD and BP-I (probands: N = 176; relatives: N = 488). All subjects were evaluated with structured diagnostic interviews, and diagnoses of relatives were made blind to the diagnoses of probands.
Results:
Relatives of probands with BP-I disorder had high rates of BP-I, and relatives of probands with CD had high rates of CD irrespective of the comorbidity with the other disorder. Relatives of probands with the combined condition of CD and BP-I had high rates of the combined condition.
Conclusion:
The finding of cosegregation between BP-I disorder and CD is consistent with the hypothesis that the combined condition represents a distinct subtype of either disorder.
Related Concept Videos
01:30Bipolar Disorder
01:28Conduct Disorder
02:18Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
01:29Bone Disorders
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
01:27Disorders of Erythrocytes
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...
01:27Disorders of Leukocytes
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune...