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Janet Metcalfe1, Teal S Eich2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, USA. jm348@columbia.edu.

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People remember correct feedback better after making mistakes, especially high-confidence errors. However, they are susceptible to false feedback when initially incorrect, indicating memory biases.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Studies
  • Human Information Processing

Background:

  • Understanding memory accuracy and susceptibility to misinformation is crucial.
  • Confidence in one's own answers can influence memory for feedback.
  • Prior research has explored memory for true and false feedback, but nuances remain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conditions influencing memory for true and false feedback.
  • To examine whether participants hypercorrect to feedback following errors versus correct answers.
  • To determine if knowledge of feedback truthfulness modulates memory encoding.

Main Methods:

  • Five experiments were conducted involving participants answering general knowledge questions.
  • Participants reported confidence in their answers before receiving true or false feedback.
  • Memory for feedback was assessed under various conditions of initial accuracy and feedback veracity.

Main Results:

  • Participants consistently hypercorrected errors, remembering correct feedback better for high-confidence mistakes.
  • Hypercorrection did not occur when false feedback followed initially correct responses.
  • Participants showed differential encoding of true versus false feedback, suggesting they could assess feedback truthfulness.
  • An exception was observed where participants hypercorrected to false feedback after an initial error.

Conclusions:

  • Individuals possess a privileged, implicit understanding of their answer's veracity, exceeding explicit confidence ratings.
  • Memory encoding of corrective information is modulated by whether the initial response was correct or erroneous.
  • When initially wrong, individuals are more vulnerable to incorporating subsequent misinformation, even if false.