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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

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Published on: February 20, 2020

A Neutral Geminal Tin/Phosphorus Frustrated Lewis Pair.

Philipp Holtkamp¹, Felix Friedrich¹, Erik Stratmann¹

¹Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|February 14, 2019

Summary

A novel tin-based geminal frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) demonstrates reactivity with small molecules but not H/D scrambling. This compound offers reversible CO2 binding, showcasing unique Lewis acid-base chemistry.

Keywords:

activation carbon dioxide fluoroalkyl groups frustrated Lewis pairs tin

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Area of Science:

Organometallic Chemistry
Lewis Pair Chemistry
Main Group Chemistry

Background:

Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are Lewis acids and bases that do not react intramolecularly.
FLPs exhibit unique reactivity with small molecules, enabling applications in catalysis and activation.
Tin-based compounds offer tunable electronic and steric properties for FLP design.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize a novel geminal frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) based on a tin center.
To investigate the FLP-type reactivity of the synthesized tin compound with various small molecules.
To explore the potential of this tin-based FLP in H/D scrambling and CO2 binding.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of the geminal FLP via reaction of (F5C2)3SnCl with LiCH2P(tBu)2.
Characterization using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray diffraction.
Reactivity studies involving small molecules (CO2, SO2, CS2, PhNCO, HCl, (Ph3P)AuCl) and H2/D2 mixtures.

Main Results:

The geminal FLP (F5C2)3SnCH2P(tBu)2 was successfully synthesized and characterized.
The tin-based FLP exhibited reactivity towards CO2, SO2, CS2, PhNCO, HCl, and (Ph3P)AuCl.
No reaction was observed in H/D scrambling experiments, and CO2 binding was found to be reversible.

Conclusions:

The synthesized tin compound functions as a geminal FLP with demonstrated reactivity towards electrophilic small molecules.
The compound's inability to facilitate H/D scrambling suggests limitations in its proton transfer capabilities.
Reversible CO2 binding highlights the potential of this FLP in gas storage or separation applications.