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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Ensuring privacy and security of genomic data and functionalities.

Abukari Mohammed Yakubu1, Yi-Ping Phoebe Chen1

  • 1Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

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Genomic data advances biomedical research but poses privacy risks. This review details genome privacy attacks and current solutions, highlighting future challenges in genomic data security.

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genomic privacygenomic securityprivacy attacks on genomic dataprivacy-preserving techniquessecure computation

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Cybersecurity

Background:

  • Decreased DNA sequencing costs yield abundant genomic data for biomedical research and healthcare.
  • Genomic data fuels advances in genome-wide association studies (GWASs), diagnostics, personalized medicine, and drug discovery.
  • The sensitive and unique nature of human genomic data presents significant security and privacy challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the genome privacy problem and review prevalent privacy attacks.
  • To classify and compare existing genomic privacy-preserving solutions.
  • To identify open issues and future research directions in genomic privacy.

Main Methods:

  • Review and classification of privacy attacks: identity tracing, attribute disclosure, and completion attacks.
  • Classification of privacy-preserving solutions by application and computational domains.
  • Comparison of solutions based on cryptographic primitives, security goals, and computational/transmission overheads.

Main Results:

  • Genomic privacy attacks threaten individual data through identity tracing, attribute disclosure, and data completion.
  • Existing privacy-preserving solutions are categorized across genomic aggregation, GWASs, statistical analysis, sequence comparison, and genetic testing.
  • Solutions vary in cryptographic primitives, security objectives, and computational/transmission complexities.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic data's utility is counterbalanced by substantial privacy risks requiring robust security measures.
  • A comprehensive understanding of attacks and solutions is crucial for advancing secure genomic applications.
  • Future research should address open challenges to enhance the security and privacy of genomic data.